PepBase Knowledge Hub

Also: MT-II, MT2, Melanotan 2

Melanotan II is a synthetic analog of the alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, originally developed at the University of Arizona. Primarily used for tanning and sexual enhancement, it is known for stimulating melanin production and increasing sexual arousal. It remains unapproved by the FDA with notable concerns about its side effects, including nausea and the potential risk of melanoma.

Also: Afamelanotide

Melanotan I, also known as Afamelanotide, is a synthetic analog of the alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. It was developed to selectively stimulate MC1 receptors, promoting melanin production for tanning effects. It is FDA-approved in implant form for specific medical conditions like erythropoietic protoporphyria but widely used off-label for cosmetic tanning. Users should be cautious of risks, including skin changes and potential interactions with UV exposure.

Also: 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium, NNMT Inhibitor

5-Amino-1MQ, a small molecule developed for metabolic research, enhances cellular NAD+ levels and mitochondrial function. It's gaining attention for potential anti-aging properties and energy metabolism improvement. While not approved by the FDA, it's used in preclinical research and by those interested in weight loss and longevity. Main concerns include limited human data and potential side effects like nausea and mild headache.

Also: N-Acetyl Selank Amidate, Enhanced Tuftsin Analog

Adalank is an enhanced synthetic derivative of the Selank peptide, developed for superior stability and blood-brain barrier penetration through N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal amidation. It is primarily researched for anxiety reduction, cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and stress resilience. Adalank remains unapproved by the FDA but is approved for clinical use in Russia. Main concerns include its experimental nature and the lack of extensive human research data outside Russia.

Adamax is a synthetic nootropic peptide derived from Semax, modified with N-terminal acetylation and a C-terminal adamantane group for enhanced stability and blood-brain barrier penetration. It is primarily researched for cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and neuroplasticity support, with potential applications in mood disorders and stroke recovery. Adamax is not approved by the FDA but is available from specialized research sites for scientific investigation. Users should be cautious of risks including potential cardiovascular effects and need for injection technique precision.

Also: Prohibitin-TP01, TP01

Adipotide (Prohibitin‑TP01) is an experimental peptidomimetic developed to target prohibitin and annexin A2 on white adipose tissue. It is primarily researched for its potential to induce rapid fat loss by disrupting the blood supply to fat cells. While it demonstrated promising weight loss effects in animal studies, development has been halted due to concerns over kidney safety.

Also: Copper Tripeptide-3, Tripeptide-3, Ala-His-Lys Copper

AHK-Cu, a synthetic copper-binding tripeptide, was developed to stimulate hair growth and support skin regeneration. It primarily targets hair follicles, promoting elongation and dermal papilla cell proliferation. Despite its promising applications, it remains unapproved by the FDA and is used mainly in cosmetic products. Key concerns include risks of skin irritation and copper toxicity when combined with other copper sources.

Also: Anti-Obesity Drug 9604, Tyr-hGH Fragment 177-191

AOD-9604 is a modified fragment of human growth hormone developed to target fat loss without the side effects of full growth hormone. It is primarily used for weight management by promoting lipolysis. Currently, it lacks FDA approval despite being extensively studied in clinical trials. Some safety concerns exist regarding long-term use, but it generally shows a tolerability profile similar to placebo.

Also: Cibinetide

Ara 290, also known as Cibinetide, is an engineered 11-amino acid peptide derived from erythropoietin. It primarily targets the Innate Repair Receptor to offer tissue-protective and anti-inflammatory effects without promoting red blood cell production. Ara 290 is in Phase II/III trials with Orphan Drug designation for conditions like sarcoidosis and diabetic neuropathy in the US and EU. While deemed safe in studies, it is not FDA approved, and users should be cautious about potential injection site reactions and ensure correct handling and storage.

Also: NA-931

Bioglutide, also known as NA-931, is a first-in-class oral quadruple receptor agonist developed by Biomed Industries. It targets IGF-1, GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors, demonstrating high oral bioavailability and blood-brain barrier penetration. Currently in Phase 2b/3 trials for obesity and type 2 diabetes, it aids significant weight reduction while preserving muscle mass. Notable concerns include the investigational status and potential GI side effects.

Also: Body Protection Compound-157, Pentadecapeptide BPC 157

BPC-157 is a synthetic peptide derived from a protein found in human gastric juice, known for its tissue healing properties. It's not FDA-approved and is currently at a preclinical stage, with extensive animal research and limited human trials. This peptide is primarily used for healing tendons, ligaments, muscles, and the gastrointestinal tract. Despite anecdotal reports of its benefits in injury recovery, concerns remain about unregulated use and long-term safety.

Also: AM833, NN9838, CagriSema

Cagrilintide is a synthetic analog of amylin, developed by Novo Nordisk to target obesity. It's used primarily for weight loss and diabetes management, working as a dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist. Currently in Phase 3 clinical trials, it has shown substantial promise but remains unapproved by the FDA. Key risks include gastrointestinal side effects, especially during dose escalation phases.

Also: Ala-Glu-Asp, AED Tripeptide, T-31

Cartalax is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson. It is primarily used for supporting cartilage and connective tissue health, particularly in joint regeneration and cellular repair. While available in Russia, it is not FDA approved and primarily studied in preclinical settings. Users should be aware of limited human research and potential risks associated with non-regulated use.

Also: FPE 1070

Cerebrolysin is a standardized neuropeptide preparation derived from purified porcine brain proteins, designed to support neurological recovery. It's primarily used for stroke recovery, traumatic brain injury, and cognitive enhancement. While approved in over 40 countries for these conditions, it is not FDA approved in the United States. Key concerns include mixed clinical trial results and the potential for mild side effects.

Also: Modified GRF 1-29, CJC-1295 no DAC

CJC-1295 without DAC, known as Modified GRF 1-29, is a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone analog. It was developed to mimic the body's natural GH release patterns and is primarily used for its benefits in restoring natural GH pulsatility. Currently investigational and not FDA-approved, users should be cautious of potential side effects, including injection site reactions and hormone-related issues.

Also: Modified GRF 1-29 DAC, Drug Affinity Complex CJC

CJC-1295 with DAC is a modified version of growth hormone releasing hormone designed for extended duration through DAC technology, which allows the peptide to bind to albumin, extending its half-life to 6-8 days. It is primarily used for elevating growth hormone and IGF-1 levels to enhance body composition and supports anti-aging treatments. The peptide is investigational and not FDA-approved, with a focus on long-term hormone elevation and related risks such as fluid retention and potential desensitization.

Also: CJC-1295 no DAC with Ipamorelin, Mod GRF 1-29 with Ipamorelin

The CJC/IPA Protocol combines CJC-1295 without DAC (Mod GRF 1-29) and Ipamorelin to optimize growth hormone through a dual-pathway approach. Primarily used by fitness enthusiasts for growth hormone optimization, it is popular for muscle growth and recovery benefits. This combination is not FDA-approved, and users should be cautious of regulatory and contamination risks.

Also: cGP

Cyclic glycine-proline (cGP) is a naturally occurring cyclic dipeptide derived from insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). It is found in plasma, breast milk, and cerebrospinal fluid and regulates IGF-1 bioavailability. Primarily used for its neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement properties, cGP is under research for applications in neurological conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Though not FDA-approved, it shows promising safety and efficacy in preliminary studies.

Also: N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide, PNB-0408

Dihexa is a synthetic oligopeptide originally developed at Washington State University for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It is known for its potent cognitive-enhancing effects, promoting synaptogenesis and crossing the blood-brain barrier effectively. Although it is not approved by the FDA and remains a research compound, it is investigated for its potential in neuroprotection and cognitive recovery. However, there are significant concerns about its long-term safety, particularly regarding tumorigenesis due to c-Met activation.

Also: Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide, Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide

DSIP, or Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide, is a neuropeptide originally isolated from rabbit brains in 1974. It is primarily used for promoting deep delta wave sleep and reducing stress. While it's not FDA approved, it remains under investigation for its potential benefits in sleep optimization and stress modulation. There are concerns about its immunogenicity and limited stability, requiring careful handling and storage.

Also: Epithalon, Epithalone

Epitalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson, derived from a naturally occurring pineal gland peptide. It is primarily explored for its telomerase activating properties, potentially slowing cellular aging and extending telomeres. While not FDA-approved, it remains an investigational peptide studied for its anti-aging effects. Users should be cautious of proper dosing and quality control issues, given the variation in available preparations.

Fat Blaster is a lipotropic injection blend combining L-Carnitine, MIC (Methionine-Inositol-Choline), B vitamins, and NADH. Originally developed to enhance traditional MIC injections, it includes additional components for fatty acid transport and energy metabolism. Currently, this compound is not regulated by the FDA due to its status as a compounded peptide from various vendors. While it may offer modest metabolic support, users should be cautious about quality and exaggerated claims from unlicensed sources.

Follistatin 344 (FS-344) is a naturally occurring glycoprotein that inhibits myostatin and activin A, which suppress muscle growth. It is primarily used in research to enhance muscle hypertrophy and regeneration, with potential applications in treating muscular dystrophy. FS-344 is currently banned by WADA and not approved by the FDA. Concerns include its very short half-life and the risk of excessive dosing.

FOXO4-DRI is a synthetic peptide developed by Dr. Peter de Keizer and colleagues in 2017, specifically designed to eliminate senescent cells by disrupting the FOXO4-p53 interaction. This disruption induces apoptosis in damaged senescent cells, restoring certain cellular functions. While promising in preclinical studies, it remains unapproved for human use, with ongoing safety and efficacy concerns regarding its manipulation of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway.

Also: Copper Peptide, Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper

GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding peptide found in human plasma, saliva, and urine, discovered in 1973. It is primarily used in skincare for its wound healing and anti-aging properties, showing potential benefits in collagen synthesis and skin regeneration. Despite widespread use in cosmetics, GHK-Cu is not FDA-approved, and many reported benefits come from limited research. Users should be aware of concerns like potential copper toxicity and interactions with existing health conditions.

The Glow Protocol is a combination of the peptides BPC-157, TB-500, and GHK-Cu, designed for skin rejuvenation and anti-aging. It is primarily used to improve skin elasticity, promote collagen synthesis, and accelerate healing. It is currently not approved by the FDA for human use and should be administered under medical supervision. There are concerns about exceeding therapeutic doses for individual components if not properly managed.

Also: L-Glutathione, GSH, Reduced Glutathione...

Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, often referred to as the body's 'master antioxidant.' It plays a crucial role in detoxification, immune support, and protecting cells against oxidative stress. While not FDA approved for therapeutic use, it is recognized as safe (GRAS status) for food use. Users should note potential risks of injection-related adverse effects and quality concerns with compounded products.

Also: hCG

HCG is a glycoprotein hormone naturally produced by the placenta during pregnancy. It is commonly used to treat hypogonadism, infertility, and to maintain testicular function in testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). FDA-approved for several medical conditions, it can lead to elevated estrogen levels as a side effect. Risks such as thromboembolism and gynecomastia require careful monitoring.

Also: Examorelin, HEX

Hexarelin, also known as Examorelin, is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone-releasing peptide developed by Mediolanum Farmaceutici. Originally explored for treating growth hormone deficiency and heart conditions, it is now primarily used for its potent growth hormone release and cardioprotective properties. Although promising in clinical trials, Hexarelin is not FDA approved due to strategic discontinuation. Users should note potential desensitization and elevations in cortisol and prolactin levels.

Also: Human Growth Hormone, Somatotropin

Human Growth Hormone (HGH), also known as somatropin, is a recombinant form of the natural hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. It is primarily used for treating growth hormone deficiencies in children and adults and enhancing body composition. HGH is FDA-approved for several conditions, including pediatric and adult growth hormone deficiency and HIV-associated wasting. However, users should be aware of potential risks such as fluid retention, joint pain, and insulin resistance.

Also: Long R3 IGF-1, LR3-IGF-1, Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Long R3

IGF-1 LR3 is a synthetic analog of insulin-like growth factor-1 with enhanced potency due to structural modifications. It is primarily used in research settings for its potential benefits in muscle growth and tissue repair. Despite its scientific intrigue, IGF-1 LR3 has not been approved for human use by any regulatory agency and is associated with significant risks, including hypoglycemia and potential cancer progression.

Also: IPAM, NNC 26-0161

Ipamorelin is a selective growth hormone secretagogue developed to stimulate natural growth hormone production from the pituitary gland. It is popular for its minimal impact on cortisol and prolactin, making it suitable for body composition and anti-aging purposes. Although it remains unapproved by the FDA, it has completed Phase II clinical trials. Users should be cautious of potential injection site reactions and be aware of contraindications with active malignancies.

Also: Kisspeptin-10, Kisspeptin-54, Metastin

Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide encoded by the KISS1 gene, acting as a critical regulator of the reproductive hormone axis. It's being explored for its potential in fertility treatments and reproductive disorders. Although not FDA approved, it is currently under investigation in clinical trials. While generally well-tolerated, long-term hormonal effects remain unknown.

Also: Four-Peptide Regenerative Blend

The KLOW Protocol is a research peptide blend combining GHK-Cu, TB-500, BPC-157, and KPV to investigate tissue repair, inflammation control, and cellular regeneration. The blend is used in research settings to explore synergistic pathways not yet validated in clinical trials. Its current status is investigational, with no FDA approval for therapeutic use. Despite promising research avenues, there are concerns regarding quality and variability due to lack of regulation.

Also: Lys-Pro-Val, Alpha-MSH fragment

KPV is a therapeutic tripeptide derived from the C-terminal fragment of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). It exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties without the pigmentation effects of full α-MSH. KPV is being researched for potential use in inflammatory bowel diseases, skin conditions, and immune modulation. Currently, it is not approved by the FDA and remains in preclinical testing, with primary concerns involving a lack of human safety data.

Also: Lipotropic Injection, MIC + B Vitamins

Lipo-C is a compounded lipotropic injection comprising Methionine, Inositol, Choline, and B vitamins. This nutrient blend is utilized to support fat metabolism and liver function, primarily in weight loss and energy enhancement contexts. While its components are recognized for their metabolic roles, Lipo-C itself lacks FDA approval specifically for weight loss. Users should be cautious about formulation variations and potential side effects, including injection site reactions and the need for diet and exercise to achieve significant results.

Also: Cathelicidin, CAP18

LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, derived from hCAP18, with significant antimicrobial and immune modulatory properties. It is used primarily for its wound healing and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities, including action against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. While it shows promising results in clinical trials for chronic wound healing, it is not yet FDA-approved, and users should be cautious of potential toxicity and inflammatory side effects.

Also: IBI362, LY3305677

Mazdutide, a synthetic analog of oxyntomodulin, is a first-in-class dual agonist for GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. It is primarily used for weight loss and improving glycemic control in diabetes. Currently, it is in Phase 3 clinical trials and has shown superior results compared to semaglutide in both weight reduction and glycemic control. Users should be cautious of mild to moderate gastrointestinal side effects.

Also: Ibutamoren, Nutrobal, L-163,191

MK-677, also known as Ibutamoren, is an orally active growth hormone secretagogue developed to mimic ghrelin, promoting growth hormone release. It is primarily used for enhancing body composition, improving sleep quality, and maintaining muscle mass. Although it is not FDA-approved, MK-677 is under investigation in Phase II trials. Key risks include potential insulin resistance and increased appetite impacting glucose levels.

Also: Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c

MOTS-c is a peptide derived from mitochondrial DNA, acting as a mitohormone to regulate metabolic homeostasis. Discovered in 2015, it is primarily explored for enhancing insulin sensitivity, exercise capacity, and combating aging. Although not approved by the FDA, it is under investigation in preclinical studies. Users need to be cautious about its unknown long-term effects and injection site reactions.

Also: N-Acetyl Semax Amidate

NA Semax Amidate is a stabilized version of the Russian nootropic peptide Semax, modified for enhanced cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection. Developed through acetylation and amidation, it offers superior stability and bioavailability. While it is not FDA-approved, NA Semax Amidate is primarily researched for cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection in brain injuries. Users should be cautious of its potential interference with blood pressure medications and MAO inhibitors.

Also: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

NAD+ is a vital coenzyme found in every cell that plays a crucial role in energy production, DNA repair, and cellular metabolism. It is primarily used to support cellular health, boost energy, enhance cognitive function, and promote longevity. NAD+ supplementation remains investigational with notable interests around its anti-aging potential. Users should be aware of potential side effects such as dizziness and nausea.

Also: GVS-111, Noopept, DVD-111...

Omberacetam, also known as Noopept, is a synthetic nootropic dipeptide developed in Russia in 1996 for its potent cognitive-enhancing and neuroprotective properties. It is primarily used to improve memory, learning, and concentration, popular in nootropic communities for cognitive enhancement. While it remains unapproved by the FDA, it is available without a prescription in Russia but banned in some other countries. Users should be cautious of potential neurotoxicity and the lack of long-term safety data.

Also: LY3502970, OWL833

Orforglipron is an oral, non-peptide GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Chugai Pharmaceuticals and licensed to Eli Lilly. It is primarily used for significant weight loss and glycemic control in diabetes. Currently, it is in Phase 3 clinical trials for diabetes and obesity, and FDA approval is expected in 2026. Although promising, it poses risks such as gastrointestinal discomfort and increased gallbladder disease risk with rapid weight loss.

Also: Pitocin, Syntocinon, The Love Hormone

Oxytocin is a naturally occurring peptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. It plays a crucial role in social bonding, trust, and reproductive functions such as childbirth and lactation. Oxytocin is FDA-approved for labor induction and postpartum hemorrhage control. However, there are risks of side effects like uterine hyperstimulation and water intoxication, especially with prolonged use.

Also: P021, Ac-DGGLAG-NH2

P21 is a synthetic tetrapeptide derived from the active region of human ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) designed for cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection. It promotes neurogenesis and has shown cognitive benefits in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease and traumatic brain injury. P21 is currently in preclinical development and is not FDA approved, with research focused on age-related cognitive decline. Key concerns include its lack of human clinical trials and potential nasal irritation during intranasal administration.

Also: Mini-Spadin

PE-22-28, or Mini-Spadin, is a heptapeptide derived from the parent peptide Spadin, developed for its potent antagonism of the TREK-1 channel. Known for rapid antidepressant effects, it enhances neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, potentially benefiting mood disorders. The peptide remains unapproved by the FDA and is primarily available as a research compound.

Also: Pegylated Mechano Growth Factor, IGF-1 Splice Variant

PEG-MGF (Pegylated Mechano Growth Factor) is a modified form of the IGF-1 splice variant MGF, designed to extend its half-life from minutes to hours. It is primarily used in research for muscle repair and regeneration, as well as neuroprotection. While promising in vitro and animal studies exist, PEG-MGF is not FDA-approved and is classified as a research chemical. Key risks include the potential for cellular changes and contraindications, especially in those with a history of cancer.

Also: EDR, Glu-Asp-Arg

Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator developed in Russia, primarily used for cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection. It works by interacting with DNA to regulate gene expression, supporting the synthesis of proteins involved in neuronal activity. Though widely researched in Russia, it is not FDA approved and is available primarily for investigational use. Users should be cautious of potential allergic reactions and side effects like headaches and dizziness.

Also: KEDP, Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro

Prostamax is a synthetic tetrapeptide known as a prostate bioregulator, developed by Khavinson. It is primarily used for prostate health, demonstrating tissue-specific effects and potential anti-inflammatory benefits in preclinical models of chronic prostatitis. Although widely investigated in Russia as a supplement, Prostamax is not FDA-approved, and its human clinical data remains limited. Key concerns include a lack of comprehensive safety data and the potential risks associated with its use in certain conditions.

Also: Bremelanotide, Vyleesi

PT-141, also known as Bremelanotide, is an FDA-approved synthetic peptide acting as a melanocortin receptor agonist. It was derived from Melanotan II and primarily targets sexual dysfunction, particularly hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. Approved for use as needed, PT-141 is administered via subcutaneous injection and works through central pathways affecting desire and arousal. Users should be aware of side effects such as nausea and potential blood pressure changes.

Also: LY3437943, Triple G

Retatrutide is a novel peptide developed as a triple agonist of GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors, primarily for weight loss and diabetes management. It has shown unprecedented results in clinical trials, achieving significant weight reduction and improved glycemic control. Currently in Phase 3 trials, Retatrutide is not yet FDA-approved but is anticipated for approval around 2026-2027. Key concerns include common gastrointestinal side effects and its investigational status.

Also: Selanc, TP-7

Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of tuftsin, developed by the Russian Academy of Sciences for its anxiolytic and nootropic effects. It is primarily used to reduce anxiety and enhance cognitive function without the side effects of traditional benzodiazepines. While approved in Russia, it remains unapproved by the FDA in the United States. Concerns focus on the lack of extensive safety data and potential immunogenic risks.

Also: Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus

Semaglutide is a synthetic GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Novo Nordisk, primarily used for type 2 diabetes management and chronic weight management. It offers significant weight loss potential, with average reductions of 15-20% in body weight. The peptide is FDA-approved for both diabetes and weight management, making it a leading pharmaceutical intervention in these areas. Key concerns include gastrointestinal side effects and a boxed warning about thyroid tumors.

Also: SEMAX, Heptapeptide SEMAX

Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from an ACTH fragment, originally developed in Russia for stroke recovery. It is known for its nootropic, neuroprotective, and neurorestorative properties, enhancing cognitive function and memory. Semax remains unapproved by the FDA but is approved in Russia for various neurological conditions. Key concerns include the risk of nasal irritation and potential interactions with other medications.

Also: Geref, GRF 1-29

Sermorelin is a synthetic analog of the natural Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH), originally developed for pediatric growth hormone deficiency. Though previously FDA-approved, it was discontinued for manufacturing reasons but continues to be used off-label, particularly for adult hormone optimization. It primarily stimulates the body's own production of growth hormone, maintaining natural pulsatile release and feedback mechanisms.

SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic small-molecule compound developed at Saint Louis University, functioning as a pan-estrogen-related receptor agonist with a focus on ERRα. Primarily explored for exercise mimetic effects, it offers benefits such as weight loss, enhanced endurance, and improved insulin sensitivity without physical activity. Currently, it remains in the research phase with no FDA approval or human trials, but shows promise in preclinical studies with a good safety profile in animals. Users should be aware of the lack of human safety data, and the potential for uncharacterized effects.

Also: Acetyl Octapeptide-3

SNAP-8, also known as Acetyl Octapeptide-3, is a synthetic peptide developed as a topical alternative to botulinum toxin for reducing dynamic facial wrinkles. It functions by inhibiting the SNARE complex and reducing acetylcholine release, which in turn eases muscle contractions. While it is not FDA approved, SNAP-8 is widely used in cosmetic skincare formulations. Main concerns are typically mild skin irritation and the need for ongoing application to maintain effects.

Also: Elamipretide, Bendavia, MTP-131

SS-31, also known as Elamipretide, is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted peptide developed to improve cellular energy production. It selectively binds to cardiolipin in the mitochondria, making it particularly promising for age-related conditions and mitochondrial diseases. Though it is not FDA-approved, SS-31 is in Phase 3 clinical trials for heart failure and mitochondrial disorders, with key concerns around long-term safety due to limited human data.

Also: BI 456906

Survodutide, also known as BI 456906, is a dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist developed for the treatment of obesity and metabolic diseases such as NASH. It is currently in Phase 3 clinical trials and is not yet FDA-approved. This peptide is notable for its ability to suppress appetite while increasing energy expenditure, with significant weight and liver fat reduction observed in trials. Users should be cautious due to common gastrointestinal side effects.

Also: Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment

TB-500 is a synthetic peptide derived from the active region of Thymosin Beta-4, specifically designed to promote tissue repair and regeneration. Initially developed for veterinary use in horses, it has gained traction in human applications for its wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties. While it is not FDA-approved for medical use, it is under investigation in clinical trials for wound healing. Concerns exist regarding its theoretical cancer-promoting potential due to angiogenesis.

Also: Egrifta, TH9507

Tesamorelin is a synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), developed to treat HIV-associated lipodystrophy by reducing visceral adipose tissue. It is FDA-approved specifically for this condition, marking it as one of the few peptides with such approval. While effectively reducing trunk fat, its use incurs the risk of increased diabetes and glucose intolerance.

Also: NS2330

Tesofensine was originally developed for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease but found to have significant weight loss effects, leading to its development as an anti-obesity agent. It acts as a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor and is currently in phase III clinical trials for obesity. While unapproved by the FDA, it remains investigational with concerns about cardiovascular effects and insomnia.

Also: KEDG Tetrapeptide

Testagen, also known as KEDG, is a synthetic tetrapeptide bioregulator developed by Vladimir Khavinson at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. It primarily targets anterior pituitary gland function, aiming to regulate TSH levels and indirectly support testosterone and thyroid hormone production. Although it is approved as a supplement in Russia, it remains unapproved by the FDA with primary usage based on preclinical research. Potential risks include hormonal fluctuations and contraindications in thyroid cancer or hyperthyroidism.

Also: Ta1, Zadaxin

Thymosin Alpha 1 is a synthetic thymic hormone identical to a naturally occurring peptide. It is widely used for immune system modulation and is approved in over 35 countries for treating conditions such as hepatitis B and C. Although not FDA-approved in the US, it is recognized for its role in enhancing immune responses. Users should be cautious of potential side effects like mild injection site reactions.

Also: TB-4, Tβ4, Timbetasin

Thymosin Beta-4 is a naturally occurring peptide involved in tissue repair and regeneration, promoting angiogenesis and cellular migration. It is primarily used in the context of wound healing and tissue recovery, with ongoing clinical trials for these purposes. Not approved by the FDA, it is of interest for its potential in healing applications, although users should be cautious about its unregulated status and theoretical risks such as enhanced cancer cell motility.

Also: Serum Thymic Factor, FTS, Facteur Thymique Sérique

Thymulin is a zinc-dependent peptide hormone produced by thymic epithelial cells, first characterized in 1977. It is primarily used for immune modulation and anti-inflammatory purposes, showing promise in conditions like age-related immune dysfunction and neuropathic pain. While it is not FDA-approved, thymulin is explored for varied therapeutic applications. Key concerns include the requirement of zinc for its activity and the lack of extensive human clinical data.

Also: Mounjaro, Zepbound, LY3298176

Tirzepatide is a dual-action peptide agonist targeting both the GIP and GLP-1 receptors. Originally developed for type 2 diabetes, it is FDA-approved for diabetes and chronic weight management. The peptide effectively mimics incretin hormones, aiding in blood sugar regulation and appetite suppression, with notable benefits in weight reduction. Despite its therapeutic potential, users should be aware of risks such as gastrointestinal discomfort and thyroid-related contraindications.

Also: Testosterone Replacement Therapy, Testosterone Cypionate, Testosterone Enanthate

Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) involves the administration of testosterone to treat hypogonadism in men. Approved by the FDA, it primarily addresses low testosterone levels due to testicular failure or hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. TRT is generally administered through testosterone cypionate or enanthate esters which are given via injection. Despite its benefits, it carries potential risks such as cardiovascular concerns and fertility issues, requiring careful medical supervision.

Also: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Aviptadil

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) is a naturally occurring neuropeptide with a 28-amino acid sequence that has potent anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties. It binds to VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, affecting immune function, vascular tone, and neurological health. VIP is being studied for applications in conditions such as chronic inflammatory response syndrome, pulmonary disorders, and COVID-19 related ARDS. Although VIP is not approved by the FDA, it has received Fast Track designation for specific indications, but users should be cautious of potential side effects like nausea and blood pressure changes.